1. Fa'aoga le fa'avasegaga

E tusa ai ma uiga eseese o le faʻaaogaina o palasitika eseese, e masani ona vaevaeina palasitika i ituaiga e tolu: palasitika lautele, palasitika inisinia ma palasitika faapitoa.

①Palasitika lautele

E masani ona faasino i palasitika e tele le gaosiga, lautele le faʻaaogaina, lelei le faʻatulagaina ma taugofie. E lima ituaiga o palasitika lautele, o le polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS) ma le acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS). O nei ituaiga palasitika e lima e aofia ai le tele o mea mata palasitika, ma o isi e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni ituaiga palasitika faapitoa, e pei o le: PPS, PPO, PA, PC, POM, ma isi, e seasea ona faʻaaogaina i oloa o aso faisoo, ae o le tele lava e faʻaaogaina i matata maualuluga e pei o le alamanuia inisinia ma tekinolosi puipuiga a le atunuu, e pei o taavale, vaalele, fausiaina, ma fesootaiga. E tusa ai ma lona faʻavasegaga o le palasitika, e mafai ona vaevaeina palasitika i ni palasitika thermoplastics ma ni palasitika thermosetting. I tulaga masani, e mafai ona toe faʻaaogaina oloa thermoplastics, ae le mafai e palasitika thermosetting. E tusa ai ma meatotino va'ai o palasitika, e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni mea mata manino, manino ma mea e le manino, e pei o le PS, PMMA, AS, PC, ma isi mea faapena, o palasitika manino ia, ma o le tele o isi palasitika o palasitika e le manino.

Meatotino ma faʻaoga o palasitika e masani ona faʻaaogaina:

1. Polietilena:

E mafai ona vaevaeina le polyethylene e masani ona faʻaaogaina i le polyethylene maualalo le mafiafia (LDPE), polyethylene maualuga le mafiafia (HDPE) ma le polyethylene laina maualalo le mafiafia (LLDPE). I totonu o nei mea e tolu, o le HDPE e sili atu ona lelei ona uiga faʻavevela, eletise ma faʻainisinia, ae o le LDPE ma le LLDPE e sili atu ona fetuʻunaʻi, uiga paʻi, uiga faʻafoliga ata, ma isi mea. O le LDPE ma le LLDPE e masani ona faʻaaogaina i ata afifiina, ata faʻatoʻaga, suiga palasitika, ma isi mea, ae o le HDPE e tele ona faʻaaogaina, e pei o ata, paipa, ma mea e manaʻomia i aso taʻitasi e tui ai.

2. Polipropilena:

I se fa'atusatusaga, e tele atu ituaiga o le polypropylene, e sili atu ona lavelave ona fa'aoga, ma e lautele fo'i ona vaega. O ituaiga e aofia ai le homopolymer polypropylene (homopp), block copolymer polypropylene (copp) ma le random copolymer polypropylene (rapp). E tusa ai ma le fa'aoga, e fa'aaogaina tele le Homopolymerization i vaega o le tosoina o uaea, fiber, injection, BOPP film, ma isi. E fa'aaogaina tele le Copolymer polypropylene i masini fa'aoga fale, vaega o mea mata ua suia, oloa fa'aaogaina i aso ta'itasi, paipa, ma isi, ma e fa'aaogaina tele le random polypropylene i oloa manino, oloa fa'atino maualuga, paipa fa'atino maualuga, ma isi.

3. Polyvinyl chloride:

Ona o lona tau maualalo ma lona tete'e i le afi, e tele lona fa'aaogaina i le galuega faufale, aemaise lava mo paipa otaota, faitoto'a ma fa'amalama u'amea palasitika, ipu, pa'u fa'apitoa, ma isi mea fa'apena.

4. Polystyrene:

I le avea ai o se ituaiga o mea mata manino, pe a manaʻomia le manino, e tele lona faʻaaogaina, e pei o moli o taʻavale, vaega manino i aso taʻitasi, ipu manino, apa, ma isi.

5. ABS:

O se palasitika fa'ainisinia e tele ona aoga ma e iai ona uiga fa'aletino ma fa'alevevela mata'ina. E fa'aaogaina lautele i masini fa'aoga i totonu o fale, paneli, ufimata, fa'apotopotoga, mea fa'aopoopo, ma isi mea fa'apena, aemaise lava masini fa'aoga i totonu o fale, e pei o masini tamea, ea malulu, pusaaisa, ili eletise, ma isi mea fa'apena. E matua tele lava ma e tele ona fa'aoga i le suia o palasitika.

②Palasitika fa'ainisinia

E masani ona faasino i palasitika e mafai ona tete'e atu i se malosiaga mai fafo, e iai ni meatotino lelei fa'ainisinia, tete'e atu i le vevela maualuga ma le maualalo, ma e mautu lelei le tele o mea, ma e mafai ona fa'aaogaina o ni fausaga fa'ainisinia, e pei o le polyamide ma le polysulfone. I palasitika fa'ainisinia, e vaevaeina i ni vaega se lua: palasitika fa'ainisinia lautele ma palasitika fa'ainisinia fa'apitoa. E mafai e palasitika fa'ainisinia ona ausia mana'oga maualuluga i tulaga o meatotino fa'ainisinia, tumau, tete'e atu i le 'ele, ma le tete'e atu i le vevela, ma e sili atu ona faigofie ona fa'agasolo ma e mafai ona suitulaga i mea u'amea. E fa'aaogaina lautele palasitika fa'ainisinia i mea eletise ma mea fa'aeletoronika, ta'avale, fau fale, masini ofisa, masini, va'alele ma isi alamanuia. O le suiina o palasitika mo u'amea ma palasitika mo laupapa ua avea ma aga masani fa'avaomalo.

O palasitika fa'ainisinia lautele e aofia ai: polyamide, polyoxymethylene, polycarbonate, modified polyphenylene ether, thermoplastic polyester, ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, methylpentene polymer, vinyl alcohol copolymer, ma isi.

O palasitika fa'ainisinia fa'apitoa e vaevaeina i ituaiga e feso'ota'i fa'atasi ma ituaiga e le feso'ota'i fa'atasi. O ituaiga e feso'ota'i fa'atasi o: polyamino bismaleamide, polytriazine, cross-linked polyimide, epoxy resin e tete'e i le vevela ma isi mea fa'apena. O ituaiga e le feso'ota'i fa'atasi o: polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyimide, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ma isi mea fa'apena.

③Palasitika faapitoa

E masani ona faasino i palasitika e iai a latou galuega faapitoa ma e mafai ona faaaogaina i ni galuega faapitoa e pei o vaalele ma vaalele. Mo se faataitaiga, o fluoroplastics ma silicones e matua tete'e atu i le vevela maualuga, e lava le fa'asusu ma isi galuega faapitoa, ae o palasitika fa'amalosia ma palasitika fa'apupuna e iai a latou meatotino faapitoa e pei o le malosi tele ma le fa'amalūlūina maualuga. O nei palasitika e aofia i le vaega o palasitika faapitoa.

a. Palasitika fa'amalosia:

E mafai ona vaevaeina mea mata o palasitika fa'amalosia i ni mea manifinifi (e pei o palasitika fa'amalosia i le calcium), alava (e pei o alava tioata po'o palasitika fa'amalosia ie tioata), ma fasi mea manifinifi (e pei o palasitika fa'amalosia i le mika) i foliga vaaia. E tusa ai ma le meafaitino, e mafai ona vaevaeina i ni palasitika fa'amalosia ie (e pei o palasitika fa'amalosia ie lalaga po'o asbestos), palasitika fa'atumuina i minerale e le'o fa'aola (e pei o palasitika fa'atumuina i le kuata po'o le mika), ma palasitika fa'amalosia i le alava (e pei o palasitika fa'amalosia i le alava kaponi).

b. Foam:

E mafai ona vaevaeina palasitika foam i ni ituaiga se tolu: foam malō, semi-malō ma foam fetuutuunai. E leai se fetuutuunai o le foam malō, ma e matua tele lava lona malosi o le compression. E na'o le taimi lava e o'o ai i se tulaga patino o le stress e le mafai ona toe fo'i i lona tulaga muamua pe a uma ona fa'aitiitia le stress, e le mafai ona toe fo'i i lona tulaga muamua pe a uma ona fa'aitiitia le stress, e faigofie ona fa'aleagaina. A toe fa'afo'isia le tulaga muamua, e la'ititi le fa'aleagaina o totoe; o le fetuutuunai ma isi meatotino o le foam semi-malō o lo'o i le va o foam malō ma foam vaivai.

Lua, fa'avasegaga fa'aletino ma fa'akemikolo

E tusa ai ma meatotino eseese faaletino ma vailaau o palasitika eseese, e mafai ona vaevaeina palasitika i ituaiga e lua: palasitika thermosetting ma palasitika thermoplastic.

(1) Termoplastika

Thermoplastics (Thermoplastics): e faasino i palasitika e liusuavai pe a uma ona fa'avevela, e mafai ona tafe atu i totonu o le fa'ata'ita'iga pe a uma ona fa'amālūlūina, ona liusuavai lea pe a uma ona fa'avevela; e mafai ona fa'aaogaina le fa'avevela ma le fa'amālūlūina e maua ai ni suiga e mafai ona toe fa'afo'isia (vai ←→malosi), ioe O le mea ua ta'ua o le suiga fa'aletino. O thermoplastics fa'amoemoega lautele e fa'aauau pea ona fa'aaogaina le vevela i lalo ifo o le 100°C. O le Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, ma le polystyrene e ta'ua fo'i o palasitika fa'amoemoega lautele e fa. O palasitika thermoplastics e vaevaeina i ni hydrocarbons, vinyls ma polar genes, inisinia, cellulose ma isi ituaiga. E vaivai pe a fa'avevela, ma e faigata pe a fa'amālūlūina. E mafai ona fa'amalūlūina ma fa'ama'a'aina pea ma tausia se foliga patino. E mafai ona fa'avaivaia i nisi o solvents ma e iai le uiga o le mafai ona fa'avaivaia ma fa'avaivaia. O thermoplastics e iai le puipuiga eletise lelei tele, aemaise lava le polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) e matua maualalo lava le dielectric constant ma le dielectric loss. Mo mea e fa'amafanafana ai le televave maualuga ma le voltage maualuga. E faigofie ona fa'afefeteina ma fa'agasolo thermoplastics, ae e maualalo le tete'e atu i le vevela ma e faigofie ona totolo. E eseese le tulaga o le sosolo e fa'atatau i le mamafa, le vevela o le si'osi'omaga, le vai fa'asu'u, ma le susū. Ina ia fo'ia nei vaivaiga o thermoplastics ma fa'afetaui mana'oga o fa'aoga i matā'upu o tekinolosi o le vateatea ma le atina'eina o le malosiaga fou, o lo'o atia'e e atunu'u uma ni resins e tete'e i le vevela e mafai ona fa'amalūlūina, e pei o le polyether ether ketone (PEEK) ma le polyether sulfone (PES). , Polyarylsulfone (PASU), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), ma isi. O mea fa'apipi'i e fa'aaogaina e fai ma matrix resins e sili atu ona maualuga meatotino fa'ainisinia ma tete'e atu i vaila'au, e mafai ona fa'avevela ma fa'apipi'i, ma e sili atu le malosi o le interlaminar shear nai lo epoxy resins. Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o le fa'aaogaina o le polyether ether ketone o le matrix resin ma le carbon fiber e fai ai se mea fa'apipi'i, o le tete'e atu i le vaivai e sili atu nai lo le epoxy/carbon fiber. E lelei lona tete'e atu i le a'afiaga, lelei le tete'e atu i le sosolo i le vevela o le potu, ma lelei le fa'agasologa. E mafai ona fa'aaogaina pea i le 240-270°C. O se mea e sili ona lelei mo le fa'avevela maualuga. O le mea tu'ufa'atasi e faia i le polyethersulfone e fai ma matrix resin ma le carbon fiber e maualuga lona malosi ma le ma'a'a i le 200°C, ma e mafai ona fa'atumauina le tete'e lelei i le -100°C; e le o'ona, e le mu, e itiiti le asu, ma e tete'e atu i le radiation. Ia, e fa'amoemoe e fa'aaogaina o se vaega autu o se va'alele, ma e mafai fo'i ona fa'afoliga i se radome, ma isi mea fa'apena.

O palasitika fa'apipi'i formaldehyde e aofia ai palasitika phenolic, amino plastics (e pei o le urea-formaldehyde-melamine-formaldehyde, ma isi). O isi palasitika fa'apipi'i e aofia ai polyesters unsaturated, epoxy resins, ma phthalic diallyl resins.

(2) Palasitika fa'avevela

O palasitika thermosetting e faasino i palasitika e mafai ona faamago i lalo o le vevela po o isi tulaga pe i ai ni uiga e le mafai ona solo (liu), e pei o palasitika phenolic, palasitika epoxy, ma isi. O palasitika thermosetting e vaevaeina i le ituaiga formaldehyde cross-linked ma isi ituaiga cross-linked. A maeʻa le faʻagasologaina ma le faʻafoligaina i le vevela, e fausia ai se oloa faʻafoligaina e mafai ona faʻasusu ma e le mafai ona solo, ma o molelaʻau resin e faʻafoligaina i totonu o se fausaga fesoʻotaʻiga e ala i se fausaga laina. O le faʻateleina o le vevela o le a pala ma faʻaumatia. O palasitika thermosetting masani e aofia ai le phenolic, epoxy, amino, unsaturated polyester, furan, polysiloxane ma isi meafaitino, faʻapea foʻi ma palasitika polydipropylene phthalate fou. E i ai a latou lelei o le teteʻe maualuga i le vevela ma le teteʻe atu i le faʻaleagaina pe a faʻavevela. O le faʻaletonu o le malosi faʻainisinia e masani lava e le maualuga, ae o le malosi faʻainisinia e mafai ona faʻaleleia e ala i le faʻaopoopoina o mea faʻatumu e fai ai mea laminated poʻo mea faʻafoligaina.

O palasitika fa'avevela e faia i le phenolic resin o le mea autu e mata'utia ai, e pei o le phenolic molded plastic (e masani ona ta'ua o le Bakelite), e umi, mautu le fua, ma tete'e atu i isi vaila'au vagana ai alkalis malolosi. E mafai ona fa'aopoopoina ni mea fa'atumu ma ni mea fa'aopoopo eseese e tusa ai ma fa'aoga ma mana'oga eseese. Mo ituaiga e mana'omia ai le maualuga o le fa'atinoga o le insulation, e mafai ona fa'aaoga le mica po'o le glass fiber e fai ma mea fa'atumu; mo ituaiga e mana'omia ai le tete'e atu i le vevela, e mafai ona fa'aaoga le asbestos po'o isi mea fa'atumu e tete'e atu i le vevela; mo ituaiga e mana'omia ai le tete'e atu i le mafui'e, e mafai ona fa'aaoga le tele o alava talafeagai po'o le pa'u e fai ma mea fa'atumu Ma nisi mea fa'amalosi e fai ai mea e maualuga le malosi. E le gata i lea, o phenolic resins ua suia e pei o le aniline, epoxy, polyvinyl chloride, polyamide, ma le polyvinyl acetal e mafai fo'i ona fa'aaoga e fa'afetaui ai mana'oga o fa'aoga eseese. E mafai fo'i ona fa'aaoga Phenolic resins e fai ai phenolic laminates, ia e fa'ailogaina i le malosi fa'ainisinia maualuga, meatotino eletise lelei, tete'e atu i le 'ele, ma le faigofie ona fa'agasolo. E fa'aaogaina lautele i masini eletise maualalo-voltage.

O Aminoplasts e aofia ai le urea formaldehyde, melamine formaldehyde, urea melamine formaldehyde ma isi mea faapena. E iai o latou tulaga lelei o le malō, tete'e atu i valu, leai se lanu, manino, ma isi mea faapena. O le faaopoopoina o mea lanu e mafai ona faia i ni oloa lanu eseese, e masani ona ta'ua o le jade eletise. Talu ai e tete'e i le suauu ma e le aafia i alkalis vaivai ma solvents organic (ae le tete'e i le acid), e mafai ona faaaogaina i le 70°C mo se taimi umi, ma e mafai ona tatalia le 110 i le 120°C i se taimi puupuu, ma e mafai ona faaaogaina i oloa eletise. O le palasitika Melamine-formaldehyde e sili atu le malō nai lo le palasitika urea-formaldehyde, ma e sili atu le tete'e atu i le vai, tete'e atu i le vevela, ma le tete'e atu i le arc. E mafai ona faaaogaina o se mea e puipuia ai le arc.

E tele ituaiga palasitika thermosetting e faia i le epoxy resin o le mea autū e fai ai, ma e tusa ma le 90% e faʻavae i le bisphenol A epoxy resin. E sili ona lelei lona pipii, e iai le puipuiga eletise, e teteʻe atu i le vevela ma le mautu o vailaʻau, e itiiti le faʻaitiitiga ma le mitiia o le vai, ma e lelei foʻi lona malosi faʻainisinia.

E mafai ona faia le polyester unsaturated ma le epoxy resin i le FRP, lea e matua malosi lava i le fa'amekanika. Mo se fa'ata'ita'iga, o le palasitika fa'amalosia i le alava tioata e faia i le polyester unsaturated e iai ona meatotino fa'amekanika lelei ma maualalo le mafiafia (na'o le 1/5 i le 1/4 o le u'amea, 1/2 o le alumini), ma e faigofie ona fa'agasolo i vaega eletise eseese. O meatotino eletise ma fa'amekanika o palasitika e faia i le dipropylene phthalate resin e sili atu nai lo o palasitika phenolic ma amino thermosetting. E maualalo le hygroscopicity, tele mautu o oloa, lelei le fa'atinoga o le fa'amomoli, tete'e atu i le acid ma le alkali, vai pupuna ma nisi o solvents organic. O le fa'amomoli e talafeagai mo le gaosia o vaega e faigata le fausaga, tete'e atu i le vevela ma le maualuga o le insulation. I se tulaga lautele, e mafai ona fa'aaogaina mo se taimi umi i le va o le vevela o le -60～180℃, ma e mafai ona o'o atu le maualuga o le tete'e atu i le vevela i le F i le H grade, lea e maualuga atu nai lo le tete'e atu i le vevela o palasitika phenolic ma amino.

O palasitika silicone i le tulaga o le fausaga polysiloxane e faʻaaogaina lautele i mea faʻaeletoronika ma tekinolosi eletise. O palasitika laminated silicone e tele lava ina faʻamalosia i ie tioata; o palasitika faʻasilikona e tele lava ina faʻatumuina i alava tioata ma asbestos, lea e faʻaaogaina e gaosia ai vaega e teteʻe atu i le vevela maualuga, maualuga le televave poʻo afi e mafai ona faʻasusu, masini eletise, ma masini eletise. O lenei ituaiga palasitika e iloga i lona maualalo o le dielectric constant ma le taua o le tgδ, ma e itiiti sona aʻafia i le televave. E faʻaaogaina i pisinisi eletise ma eletise e teteʻe atu ai i le corona ma arcs. Tusa lava pe mafua ai ona pala le faʻasaʻolotoina, o le oloa o le silicon dioxide nai lo le conductive carbon black. . O lenei ituaiga o mea e matua teteʻe atu i le vevela ma e mafai ona faʻaaogaina pea i le 250°C. O mea le lelei autu o le polysilicone o le maualalo o le malosi faʻamekanika, maualalo le pipii ma le le lelei o le teteʻe atu i le suauʻu. E tele polymers silicone ua suia ua atiaʻe, e pei o le polyester ua suia le silicone plastics ma ua faʻaaogaina i tekinolosi eletise. O nisi palasitika o thermoplastic ma thermosetting plastics. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, o le polyvinyl chloride e masani lava o le thermoplastic. Ua atiae e Iapani se ituaiga fou o le polyvinyl chloride vai e thermoset ma e iai le vevela o le fa'afoliga mai le 60 i le 140°C. O se palasitika e ta'ua o le Lundex i le Iunaite Setete e iai ona uiga fa'apitoa i le fa'agaioiga o le thermoplastic ma ona uiga fa'aletino fo'i e pei o palasitika thermosetting.

① Palasitika haikokarpona.

O se palasitika e lē o ni palasitika polar, lea e vaevaeina i ni palasitika tioata ma ni palasitika e lē o ni palasitika tioata. O palasitika haikoranika tioata e aofia ai le polyethylene, polypropylene, ma isi, ma o palasitika haikoranika e lē o ni palasitika tioata e aofia ai le polystyrene, ma isi.

②Palasitika vinyl o lo'o i ai ni polar genes.

Se'i vagana ai fluoroplastics, o le tele lava o na mea o ni tino manino e le o ni tioata, e aofia ai le polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinyl acetate, ma isi. O le tele o vinyl monomers e mafai ona fa'apipi'iina i ni radical catalysts.

③Palasitika fa'ainisinia e faia i le vevela ma palasitika.

O le tele lava o mea e aofia ai le polyoxymethylene, polyamide, polycarbonate, ABS, polyphenylene ether, polyethylene terephthalate, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyimide, polyphenylene sulfide, ma isi mea faapena. O le Polytetrafluoroethylene, le polypropylene ua suia, ma isi mea faapena, e aofia ai foi i lenei vaega.

④ Palasitika selulosa e faia i le thermoplastic.

E aofia ai le cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellophane, cellophane ma isi mea faapena.

E mafai ona matou faʻaaogaina mea palasitika uma o loʻo i luga.
I tulaga masani, e faʻaaogaina le PP e aoga i meaʻai ma le PP e aoga i togafitiga faafomaʻi mo oloa e tutusa masipuni. O le paipae faia i le mea HDPE, ma lepaipa fa'ata'ita'ie masani ona faia i mea fa'afoma'i PP po'o le PS. E tele lava a matou oloa, e fa'aogaina ai mea eseese, aua o matou o sefa'a'ofule kamupani gaosi oloa, e toetoe lava o oloa palasitika uma e mafai ona gaosia